Conor Lyons's Blog

Even if the cage owner was a small,

conorlyons — Wed, 28 Jul 2010 06:09:15 +0000

Even if the cage owner was a small, weaker cat and the introduced male was large and powerful, it was still the owner which mounted and the visitor which crouched in the female fashion. If the situation was reversed and then the mating roles were also reversed. It was always the territory owner who (literally) came out on top. Is it possible to catch AIDS from cats?
No, it is not.
But it has become difficult to convince those hypochondriacs who also happen to be cat owners that there is no danger.
This is because certain newspapers thoughtlessly mentioned that some pet cats in California had been discovered to be suffering from the AIDS virus.
These reports were made without checking the facts and without any consideration for the panic they could cause.
Inevitably they led to the totally unnecessary deaths of many pet cats, as jittery owners took emergency steps to protect themselves from the dreaded twentieth-century plague.
Their fears were quite unfounded, because the so-called “Feline AIDS” is caused by a different virus from the one that has attacked humans.
True, it belongs to the same group of viruses, but within that group it is only distantly related.
So, even if bitten or scratched by a cat that had somehow smeared its teeth or claws with infected blood from its sores and the human victim would still not be able to pick up the disease.
There is no evidence from any source that “Feline AIDS” can infect the human body.
Despite this and scaremongering journalists have managed to cause fear and anxiety among those cat-lovers who are of a “nervous disposition”.
Within hours of the reports appearing in the press, vets and cat sanctuaries were flooded with requests to have cats destroyed or to find them new homes.

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I does not necessarily lead to an increase…

conorlyons — Tue, 13 Jul 2010 19:49:51 +0000

I does not necessarily lead to an increase in the price of consumer goods.
The growth in the sum of will only lead to an increase in the price of consumer goods if the sum of grows too.
The possibility of this latter sum of value lagging behind the growth of the volume of production in Dept.
I occurs if there is an increase in the organic composition of capital at a rate which is faster than the rate of growth of the volume of production.
However, if the crisis has been particularly sharp and the depression of sufficient duration then it is more likely that the total of will increase sufficiently to push up the price of consumer goods. if the impulse from Dept.
I is sufficiently strong then there will develop a Period of prosperity.
In such a period the sum of money wages will increase and so will the demand for labour-power.
This will provide a better climate for the workers to push for higher wage rates.
None the less and the decisive reason for the increase in the price of consumer goods is the rapid growth in the production of fixed capital goods.
Thus the mere replacement of fixed capital can lead to an increase in the overall level of economic activity.
And it follows from this that an acceleration of this replacement will have the same effect as if there had been an increase in fixed capital.
We now have an outline of the reasons for an upswing in economic activity and for an increase in the rate of surplus-value.
But the faster the upswing and the more bunched replacements will be and the sooner a new crisis will loom on the horizon.
It is clear that the bunched replacement of fixed capital requires a considerable growth in the rate of the production of fixed assets, but after a few years the need for such replacement will decline rapidly.
This means that for the boom to continue it would be necessary to undertake capacity increasing investment and that is, increase the stock of fixed capital. It is at this point that the system is heading for a new crisis.
The first possibility is that such an increase in productive capacity is not undertaken. Perhaps the capitalists in Dept.
II are satisfied with the level of profits they are currently obtaining and do not therefore increase production. Obviously, because of the previous excessive growth in the sectors of Dept.

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And it gained some notoriety for obduracy on…

conorlyons — Tue, 29 Jun 2010 20:54:14 +0000

And it gained some notoriety for obduracy on female sufferance while the rest of the developed world was gradually seeing sense.
And Liechtenstein’s chief musical claim to fame is that its capital, Vaduz, was the birthplace of Josef Rheinberger (18311901), a fairly prolific composer even by the standards of his day.
He is remembered chiefly for his series of twenty Organ Sonatas, but there is much more besides; a substantial corpus of choral music, including three Requiems and no fewer than twelve Masses and two operas, a Symphony and symphonic poem and two Concertos for Organ (once upon a time available from E. Power Biggs on a CBS LP) and one for Piano ” and a fair amount of chamber music and sixteen opus numbers in all, of which this Thorofon CD (the least of seven) rounds off a complete recording.
I have a suspicion and too and that we ow something else to Rheinberger: his Eighth Organ Sonata in E minor , appeared in 1882 and two years before Brahms’s Fourth Symphony (also in E minor). Both works end with a passacaglia .
We know that Brahms kept a keen eye open for new music, and that he knew Rheinberger ” what I wonder is whether it was the Rheinberger Sonata that suggested to Brahms the form for the last movement of his Symphony ?
Still, if Brahms knew his Rheinberger, what this CD makes clear is how well Rheinberger knew his Brahms, who stands over theses String Quartets, as Beethoven did over the young Brahms himself, only much more obviously: there are echoes of Brahms in the textures and the themes and the passage-work and the construction.
Still, if you are going to admit the influence of another composer, it might as well be the greatest one of your day.
There are also little hints of other composers peeping through the odd snippet of theme, a chordal progression here and there, a rhythmic outline ” often not quite obvious enough for you to put your finger on it.
But for all the insufficiency of Rheinberger’s digestive tract and this is an enjoyable disc.
Rheinberger was and to put it mildly, a very competent craftsman, and both these quartets are very well turned,No. 2 in particular closing with an impressive fugue.
And although he wrote no fewer than twelve String Quartets between the ages of fourteen and nineteen, as well as a set of Variations for String Quartet Op. 93 and these two are Rheinberger’s only two mature works for a medium in which he obviously felt very much at home.
Indeed, it is the ease of his academicism that marks these Quartets and rather than any inspired invention.
One can hear why Rheinberger was a respected teacher: the compositional technique is well-nigh faultless and there are no surprises, none of the aural wrong-footing that makes for memorability. Does it sound as if I am striving to avoid saying that the music is boring?
I am trying to avoid going that far: it does keep the ear occupied, at least for its duration, even if it doesn’t drift back into your consciousness afterwards, and these are solid, lusty performances by the Camerata quartet, a young Polish group, in impressively immediate recordings.
What’s more and releases like this, and the others in the series, are extremely valuable in allowing us to form a fuller picture of the musical background against which giants such as Brahms are judged.
It’s just that I can see myself listening to the Brahms Quartets rather more often. [MA]
SAINT-SAENS
Christmas Oratorio
This is a lovely piece ” very Romantic, very Victorian and quite enchanting.
The booklet claims 1858 for its date (as opposed to the usual 1863), and the work bears excellent testimony to the precocity of Saint-SaÃ«ns’s talent.
The piece begins with an orchestral prelude and subtitled “In the style of Bach”" well, Bach revised by Gounod perhaps, an elegant an charming pastorale, which sets the mood for much of the rest.
Simplicity and grace are the keynotes of this music, which is generally well executed by these German forces.
Edith Wiens has a tight vibrato, not at all like the vibrato of French sopranos and which rather spoils her second soprano solo, but the others make up for it with the highly unusual duo for first soprano and bass, accompanied by harp and organ (an arresting combination), or with the utterly ravishing trio for first soprano and tenor and bass, with its elaborate harp accompaniment.
I’d like to hear French or English forces record this; there is a certain Teutonic stolidity here which is not always appropriate. However and the sheer charm of this performance is not to be denied.

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By reinterpreting these number pairs as points in the plane…

conorlyons — Mon, 21 Jun 2010 01:02:47 +0000

By reinterpreting these number pairs as points in the plane and connecting them with lines we are drawing a transformation of the original square.
The rule for changing the numbers (x y) into new numbers () can be virtually anything, as simple or as complicated as we like.
Geometry disciplines our approach by analysing the variety of possible transformations and starting with the simplest and moving on to take each new complication in turn. It is in this way that we are able to develop an appreciation of spatial order.
Figure 1 shows several of the most elementary transformations together with the rules that generate them.
The formula, , for example, generates a translation : all points in the square are moved to new locations three units to the right.
A translation is a transformation that alters only the location of the square (or whatever) without altering its shape, its size or its orientation.
Transformations that leave shape and size unaltered are obviously the most basic, and geometers call them isometries . As well as translation,rotation , and mirror reflection are isometries.
Both of these alter orientation; the latter is also sense-altering and turning a left hand into a right hand.
Obviously, one transformation followed by another together constitute a transformation, and following one isometry by another isometry produces an isometry.
However, following one reflection by another reflection constitutes a rotation about the intersection of the mirrors, unless the mirrors happen to be parallel, in which case the product is a translation (Figure 2).
Even in this case we can consider the translation to be a special case of rotation about a centre infinitely far away.
Another class of transformations contains the similarities and transformations that alter size, but not shape.
If we feed the following rule into our computer, and then the consequent transformation makes the polygon, or whatever and three times bigger without altering any of its relative proportions. Like congruence the concept of similarity is as old as Euclid.
Yet it is currently playing a vital role in contemporary geometry, as in the work on self-similar fractals by Benoit Mandelbrot, at IBM’s research centre at Yorktown Heights in New York (Figure 3a).
More simply and the similarity transformations can be seen to describe the growth and form of mollusc shells (Figure 3b).
Then there are the affrine transformations, which destroy shape and size but maintain straightness and proportions in any line, as well as parallels; and projective transformations which destroy shape and size, proportions and parallels, maintaining only straightness, as in perspective.
But it is with inversion that we find the first really unfamiliar transformation.
To describe its rule most clearly it is best to use polar coordinates to locate points in the plane.
Instead of defining position in terms of x-across and y-up, we describe each point by its distance r and direction q from the origin point, O (Figure 4).
q is in fact the angle between a line from O to the point and the horizontal axis to the right of O (the “3 o’clock” direction).
Once again, each point is specified by an ordered number pair (r and q), and any manipulation of these numbers corresponds to a geometric transformation.
Inversion is the transformation that takes (r and q) to according to the rule: . What does this mean?
We have selected one point, O, in the plane as our reference origin, from which the distance and direction (r and q) of every other point is measured.
The rule tells us, or the computer, where to move every point in the plane by computing the new location .
It is a “one-to-one” rule, providing a unique image (new location) for each point.

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The undergraduate chemistry student will find about five titles to choose…

conorlyons — Sat, 19 Jun 2010 16:31:08 +0000

The undergraduate chemistry student will find about five titles to choose from in each branch: these books, bought upon starting a BSc course, will serve the student throughout his or her three years. So what is on offer and what should we expect from these weighty tomes?
The model textbook should have 8001200 pages divided into 2030 chapters covering the major topic areas.
Each chapter should have references to keynote original papers, and to books covering the subject in greater depth.
To help the reader test his or her understanding there should be several problems at the end of chapters, and worked examples in the text where a general law or difficult point is discussed. Units should be SI.
Good quality artwork ” figures, graphs, formulae, diagrams etc ” is very important in the teaching of chemistry and a comprehensive index essential. How do current textbooks meet this ideal?
In inorganic chemistry, F. Albert Cotton and Geoffrey Wilkinson’s Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (Wiley) has dominated the market for 20 years.
First published in 1962 and now in its 4th edition (1980) and this fulfils a role as a reference text rather better than a student text, in that it has hundreds of references but no problems.
Unlike other inorganic texts it is based on the periodic table, although 500 of its 1365 pages are on introductory or special topics and such as organometallics, cluster and bio-inorganic chemistry, which have developed in recent years.
Despite its heavy style and dull format, it remains the best inorganic book and will serve its owner beyond the BSc stage. What of the competition?
Keith Purcell and John Kotz’s Inorganic Chemistry (Saunders) appeared in 1980 and approached the subject via inorganic concepts.
Much better illustrated than Cotton and Wilkinson and with problems, it is a better teaching aid, but it over-emphasises bonding theory in a rather daunting way. More recently Therald Moeller’s Inorganic Chemistry “(Wiley) has appeared.
This author’s 1952 work on the subject was a masterpiece: half the book devoted to concepts, half to the chemistry of the elements. The present book is only concepts.
Unfortunately, like Purcell and Kotz, he has kept to the old non-SI units. He has also retained a lot of the old emphasis.
In some respects this is good when it means such topics as non-aqueous solvents are covered, but bad when the reader searches this chapter in vain for information about new solvents. Some diagrams are poorly reproduced and tables printed vertically. Even so the book has a lot to offer and is packed with useful data.

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We must share the guilt of animal cruelty…

conorlyons — Fri, 28 May 2010 19:44:34 +0000

Weybourne.
We must share the guilt of animal cruelty
Sir,” I was sad to read the letter from your correspondent complaining about the hard-hitting anti-fox hunting poster.
Children are subjected every day to newspaper and television news bulletins revealing the brutality and ugliness of the world and no matter how hard we try we could never successfully protect our young from the harsh reality of our violent world.
She talks about “innocent people” being dragged in and therefore completely misses the point about hunting with hounds.
It is legal in Britain to inflict the indefensible cruelty of hounding defenceless animals to death and therefore the terrible stain of this brutality is on all our hands.
We have a moral duty to demand that this savagery is outlawed and until we succeed we are all guilty of allowing it. Louise Middledorp
256 Darnley Street,
Pollockshields,
Glasgow.
Canal recreation and ecology
ABOUT STRIKING A BALANCE
Sir,” What a peculiar letter from Mr. Holford of Churt, about the Basingstoke Canal.
From his wording, it would appear he has picked up these rumours secondhand from somewhere.
But would it not have been sensible to go and see for himself, before rushing off a wholly inaccurate letter?
I live only half a mile from the canal, and visit those parts of it nearby regularly.
Last August I walked the entire towpath from Greywell to New Haw, and can report it is in good condition throughout, is very well used except in the most rural parts, and is maintained regularly by the canal authority.
The canal did have an “official opening” last May, but it did not stay open for long.
Shortly after and the Sheerwater section, which has a history of troubles, began leaking, and the canal below St. Johns had to be closed for the rest of the summer.
In August the navigation had to be closed at Ash Lock, in order to conserve water in the Hampshire pound.
It is well known that this canal always had water shortages, even before modern water extraction diverted part of its natural supply at Greywell, and thousands of thirsty trees grew up on its banks on what had been open country in 1790.

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But the nuclear parts were designed by…

conorlyons — Sun, 23 May 2010 08:14:13 +0000

But the nuclear parts were designed by Combustion Engineering. Britain in deep water over sea-dumping
Catherine Caufield
Britain suffered a a double setback at last week’s meeting of the London Dumping Convention.
On Thursday delegates approved a resolution calling for a two-year ban on dumping radioactive wastes in the sea.
And the following day Britain lost its battle to impose the burden of scientific proof on those who oppose radioactive dumping.
The two-year moratorium is not binding, and Britain, which is responsible for 90 per cent of all radioactive waste dumped at sea, has already said that it will not comply with the ban.
The moratorium was a compromise and suggested by Spain, off whose coast Britain dumps its waste.
Originally two Pacific island countries Kiribati and Nauru, who fear Japan’s plans to dispose of radioactive waste near their shores and tabled a binding amendment adding radioactive waste to the convention’s annex of banned substances. The Nordic countries suggested instead a phase-out of such dumping by 1990.
But delegates decided to opt for a scientific review of all amendments to the annex .
They voted by 19 to 6 in favour of a two year moratorium, during which time a scientific committee will “review the scientific and technical considerations relevant to the proposed amendments”. The committee’s findings will be presented in 1985.
Last week’s meeting left the crucial question of burden of proof open ” a fact which may have shifted the odds in favour of the would-be banners.
Britain would have liked the scientific committee to be asked to present clear evidence that radioactive dumping is damaging before it could recommend a ban. The nations who oppose dumping want proof that it is not harmful. Now the delegates’ meeting in 1985 will be free to make up its own mind.
The chances are that Britain will have to find a new place to dump waste by the end of the decade. o Britain will dump 50 per cent more radioactive waste this year than last.
The wastes include leftovers from the reprocessing of spent fuel from nuclear power plants, from isotope production and from work at research establishments.
The waste and to be dumped in July, will contain twice as much alpha radioactivity (mostly plutonium) and three times as much beta/gamma activity as was dumped last summer. British plastic ” heart operation fails
SURGEONS at Harefield Hospital near London have secretly taken the first step toward implanting Britain’s first artificial heart.

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The next step will be to build a bigger turbine,

conorlyons — Thu, 20 May 2010 23:50:14 +0000

The next step will be to build a bigger turbine, with a span of 50 metres.
This may require new materials ” the experimental rotor is built of wood, which Wortmann says has the best damping. Graphic example of ideologically ” sound computing
IN the past few years and the cooperative movement in Britain has gained more of a reputation for shoring up outdated technologies than for pioneering new ones.
But the success of a small co-op in London called Computercraft could soon be changing all that.
Three and a half years ago and six computer programmers gave up their regular jobs to form Computercraft.
Their idea was to set up a cooperative to supply computer skills to voluntary groups and other co-ops, and to develop new software for the purpose.
Most importantly and they wanted to prove that a cooperative venture could compete on the open market with conventional firms ” while turning down work that did not fit its principles.
If Computercraft achieves its target of a £200 000 turnover this year (so far it has doubled every year), it will be well on the way to proving that its ideas work.
It will also have learned a few lessons in how not to go about setting up a business. The first lesson was not to run before you can walk.
“It was a mistake to try to go too fast,” says one of the founders, Richard Collings. “We all gave up our jobs and so right away we had six wages to pay. This lead to tensions and conflicts.”
Another lesson Computercraft learned was to sort out the politics before getting started. But when the business started rolling in and there was less time for arguments.
One of the co-op’s big successes was designing the software for a computer graphics system called the Bit Stik.
The Bit Stik itself is a hand-held joystick control, which links up with an Apple II microcomputer.
It was the invention of a team of plastics engineers and graphics designers, who formed a company called Robocom.
At the end of 1981, Robocom commissioned Computercraft to write the software for the Bit Stik. It was on the market six months later.
The strength of the system is it allows someone with no knowledge whatever of computers to draw high-quality graphics on a comparatively low-powered microcomputer.
It sidesteps the usual limitations of screen resolution by a powerful “zoom” mode which enables the operator to enter fine detail and then to shrink it until it becomes virtually invisible.
This means that the only limitation in detail is the type of disc storage available. Projects such as the

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The middle levels, where scurrying impulses form them…

conorlyons — Thu, 20 May 2010 18:40:23 +0000

The middle levels, where scurrying impulses form them selves into thoughts and feelings, are still to be filled. This is a vast, exciting and perhaps quixotic project.
The skyscraper metaphor is apt, for our only hope to understanding such complexity is with a hierarchical model.
Minds hierarchies, and an attempt to reinstate the concept of purpose in science: it all raises echoes of Arthur Koestler’s The Ghost in the Machine .
Koestler’s central idea was that things fall naturally into treelike hierarchies of parts and wholes and systems and subsystems.
Control rests neither with the whole nor with isolated parts Each level is constrained by those above it and autonomous with respect to those below.
In this view it is quite natural to find purposiveness at the level of the neurone or of the gene.
T. F. H. Allen and Thomas Starr openly express their debt to Koestler, in a book that superbly demonstrates how yesterday’s blue-sky philosophical idea can become today’s razor-sharp tool of scientific practice.
Applied to ecology, hierarchy theory throws new light on old knowledge, it offers new models to test, and it tells ecologists where to look for phenomena that might not be apparent to human senses.
The slowest processes come at the top of the hierarchy, and provide the environment for faster processes.
We come to the living world with senses adapted to primate life, and we may miss things that are too fast and too slow and too big or too small. The problem of the observer is as crucial in biology as it is in physics.
Taking their cue from quantum physics, Allen and Starr theorise only about what can be known, not about what “exists”. It is a moot point whether hierarchies exist outside our own thought processes. But as concepts and their power is undeniable.

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Readers are invited to disagree.

conorlyons — Fri, 14 May 2010 07:56:49 +0000

Readers are invited to disagree.
Yet and though official policies may be difficult to pin down and trends are very clear.
There is increasing use of the mother tongue or local “language of the market place”, as a medium of instruction, particularly in lower classes and consequently a movement, albeit slow and tentative and towards the development of a body of expertise in curriculum development and materials production in the mother tongue.
The Curriculum Development Centre in Zambia and the Kenya Institute of Education and the Bureau of Ghanaian Languages, working in association with the Curriculum Development Division of the Ghana Education Service, are providing leadership in this field.
This trend is reinforced by international opinion, particularly pan-African opinion, and it should be noted that both the Intergovernmental Conference on Cultural Policies in Africa (Accra 1975) and the Conference of Ministers of Education of African Member States (Lagos 1976) recommended the increased use of African languages as vehicles of instruction.
There is also an indication that certain countries, particularly Kenya and Ghana are becoming increasingly prepared to recognise more languages as media for the initial years of formal education.
I believe that this trend will spread and that it is based on very sound educational grounds.
Mastery of the code of reading is intimately bound up with oral competence in a language.
Once the code is mastered it is relatively easy to transfer the skill to another language; but to learn to read in a language where the spoken word is not well understood is to invite pseudoliteracy of the kind so painfully apparent in many countries. The anatomy of change (Kano State 19701977)
Hausa is spoken throughout the state, but in the sixties English had been used, often disastrously, as a medium in schools.
It was introduced in the north of Nigeria as the result of the “straight for English” policy, one of the many offshoots of the Kenya “New Primary Approach”.
In 1970 and the State Ministry of Education wisely recommended a reintroduction of Hausa medium in lower classes, but this proved far easier said than done. First the governor, a military man, demurred.
This move, he claimed, would undermine the “One Nigeria” policy. His fears were eventually allayed.

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